tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55534961967282132852024-03-13T23:26:53.370-07:00Kang LukmanBalajar Online Di mana ajakang lukmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00968039630730175901noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5553496196728213285.post-11009704919317888092011-12-04T17:34:00.001-08:002011-12-04T17:37:13.994-08:00Ikhtilaf<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Pengertian Ikhtilaf</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara etimologis fiqhiyah,
ikhtilaf di ambil dari bahasa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rab
yang be</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">r</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">arti berselisih.
Sedangka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> secara terminologis
fiqhiyah, ikhtilaf adalah perselisihan paham atau penndapat di kalangan para
ulama’ fiqh sebagai hasil ijtihad untuk mendapatkan dan menetapkan suatu
ketentuan hukum tertentu<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.<sup>
</sup>Dengan demikian ikhtilaf merupakan masalah ijtihad sebagai hasil dari
pemahaman terhadap sumber hukum islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b. Daerah Tempat Terjadi Ikhtilaf</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut teori hukum
islam yang dibuat ulama’ zaman pertengahan, struktur hukum islam dibangun atas
empat dasar yang disebut sumber-sumber hukum . Keempat sumber itu adalah
Qur’an, Sunah Nabi, Ijma’ dan Qiyas, sebagia dalil-dalil syara’ yang sudah
disepakati. Apakah pada sumber<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalilsyara’ tersebut ada kemungkinan terjadinya ikhtilaf? Untuk menjawab
pertanyaan tesebut, akan dicoba dijelaskan mengenai keempat sumber yang dijadikan
sebagai sumber dalil syara’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nash-nash Al-Qur’an
ditinjau dari segi petunjuknya terhadap hukum-hukum terbagi kepada dua
kategori: <i>Qath’iyud dalalah </i>dan <i>Zaanniyud dalalah</i>. Ayat Al Qur’an
yang termasuk dalam kategori ayat-ayat <i>Qath’iyud dalalah</i>, tidak dapat
ditakwilkan dan dipahami dengan arti yang lain kecuali hanya dengan arti yang
sesuai dengan nash-nash tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dan ayat-ayat yang
termasuk dalam kategori <i>Zhanniyud dalalah</i>, arti nash-nash itu masih
memungkinkan untuk ditakwil atau dialihkan kepada pengertian yang lain. Dengan
demikian pada kategoriyang kedua inilah terjadi ikhtilaf dalam nash-nash
Al-Qur’an sebagai sumber rujukan dalam penetapan hukum.Atau perbedaan pendapat
di kalangan ahli hukum sesungguhnya, disebabkan karena perbedaan pendapat
diantara para sahabat dalam penafsiran Al Qur’an yang <i>Zhanni’iyud dalalah</i>.
Dalam hadits Nabi,dari segi wurudnya ada yang<i>Qaati’iyul wurud</i>dan ada
pula yang <i>Zhanni’iyud wurud </i>disamping ada yang <i>Qati’iyud dalalah </i>dan
<i>Zhanni’iyud dalalah</i>.Oleh karena itu kemungkinan adanya ikhtilaf pada
bidang hadits sangat besar. Hal tersebut dapat dibuktikan melalui ilmu <i>mushtholahul
hadits</i></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Qiyas sebagai
sumber hukum terjadinya ikhtilaf.Pada masa Nabi, kaum muslimin jarang
menggunakan qiyas dalam melaksanakan suatu perkara hukum. Mengenai qiyas
sebagai sumber hukum terjadinya ikhtilaf, ulama’ Syi’ah dan Zhahiri tidak
mengakui qiyas sebagai sumber hukum. Alasan ulama’ syi’ah yaitu Al Qur’an dan Sunnah
telah dianggap mencukupi dan apabila tidak ada kejelasan dalam Al Qur’an dan Sunnah,
maka masalah itu diserahkan kepada imam sebagai orang yang maksum. Sedangkan
alasan Zhahiri, karena sudah lengkap ketentuan-ketentun yang terdapat dalam Al Qur’an
dan Hadits.Apa yang sebenarnya di katakan sebagai hasil ijtihad sahabat, itu
sebenarnya hanyalah hasil dari pemahaman terhadap Al Qur’an dan Hadits.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dari uraian di atas
dapat di pahami, bahwa masalah khilafiah adalah masalah yang selalu aktual dalam
realitas kehidupan manusia, karena ada daya berpikir yang dimiliki, yang
mengakibatkan orang berpikir dinamis pula dalam menetapkan suatu hukum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ang
menjadi daerah tempat terjadinya iktilaf adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ayat
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Q</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ur’an yang </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Z</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hanniyatud dalalah</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadits</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hadits yang </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Z</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hanniyatud dalalah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dan </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Z</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hanniyatu</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">l</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> wurud</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">masalah atau peristiwa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">peristiwa yang belu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">m</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ada ketentuan hukumnya
dalam nash (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Q</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ur’an dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">H</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adits)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">c</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Sebab Timbulnya
Ikhtilaf</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikhtilaf di kalangan umat islam
telah terjadi sejak masa sahabat. Ikhtilaf terjadi di masa sahabat itu adalah
karena perbedaan paham di antara mereka dan perbedaan nash (sunnah) yang sampai
kepada mereka.Hal ini terjadi karena pengetahuan mereka dalam masalah hadits
tidak sama dan juga karena perbedaan pandangan tentang dasar penetapan hukum
dan berlainan tempat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-sebab</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> pokok terjadinya ikhtilaf di kalangan
para ulama’ (m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">u</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jtahidin)
adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebab eksternal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda perbendaharaan hadits masing
masing mujtahid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di antara ulama’ dan umat islam, ada
yang kurang memperhatikan situasi pada waktu Nabi bersabda</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di antara ulama’ dan umat islam kurang
memperhatikan dan mempelajari bagaimana cara Nabi menjawab suatu pertanyaan
atau menyuruhorang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di antara ulama’ dan umat islam banyak
yang terpengaruh oleh pendapat yang diterimanya dari pemuka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pemuka dan ulam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">’</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ulama’ sebelumnya
dengan ucapa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
“ telah terjadi ijma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di antara ulama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ada yang berpandangan
yang terlalu berlebihan terhadap amaliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">amaliah
yang disunatkan sehingga orang awam menganggapnya suatu amaliah yang diwajibkan
dan berdosa apabila ditinggalkan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para sahabat yang terpencar tempat
tinggalnya, yang meriwayatkan hadits berbeda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">beda,
karena mungkin lalai atau lupa sedangkan tidak ada yang megingatkan di antara
sahabat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sahabat itu tidak ada
atau ada sahabat yang menerima hadits tertentu yang tidak didapat oleh sahabat
yang lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan pandangan politik, yang juga
mengakibatkan terjadinya perbedaan dalam menetapkan hukum islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebab internal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedudukan suatu hadits</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan penggunaan sumber hukum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan pemahaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lahirnya Ahli Hadits dan Ahli Ra’yu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak pemerintahan islam dipegang
oleh Khalifah kedua, Umar bin Khattab, wilayah kekuasaan islam sudah mulai
meluas. Hal ini menyebabkan para ulama pergi bertebaran ke berbagai kota dan
daerah yang sudah dikuasai islam. Mereka masing-masing memberikan fatwa-fatwa
dalam masalah keagamaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kalangan
para Tabi’in banyak yang terpengaruh oleh cara istinbat hukum para sahabat.
Tabi’in Hijaz terpengaruh oleh ijtihadnya Ibnu Abbas dan Ibnu Umar.Sehingga
akhirnya mereka dikenal dengan Aliran Hadits (Ahlul Hadits).Sedang Tabi’in yang
berbeda di Irak dikenal dengan Aliran Hadits (Ahlul Hadits). Sehingga akhirnya
mereka terkenal dengan Aliran Qiyas (Ahlur Ra’yu).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Demikianlah,
Jumhur ulama terbagi atas dua aliran tersebut, yaitu Ahli Hadits dan Ahli
Ra’yu.Adapun yang menyebabkan terbaginya mereka kepada dua aliran tersebut
ialah perpecahan Jumhur ulama menjadi dua aliran yang menyangkut materi sumber
hukum. Yaitu apakah boleh hukum itu ditetapkan berdasarkan qiyas di samping
Al-Quran dan Hadits atau tidak?.Golongan yang mengatakan tidak boleh kecuali
jika terpaksa, itulah yang selanjutnya dikenal sebagai Ahli Hadits.Sedang
golongan yang mengatakan ya, itulah sebagai Ahli Ra’yu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-Faktor Yang Membentuk Ulama Hijaz
Menjadi Ahli Hadits</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mereka dipengaruhi oleh jalan pikiran
guru mereka yang sangat terikat kepada nash-nash yang ada dan sangat teliti
dalam menggunakan ijtihad bir ra’yi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mereka banyak hafal hadits Nabi dan
fatwa sahabat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mereka hidup dalam keadaan permulaan
perkembangan islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-Faktor Yang Membentuk Ulama Irak
Menjadi Ahli Ra’yu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mereka terpengaruh oleh jalan pikiran
guru mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kufah dan Basrah, dua kota yang banyak didiami
ulama Irak adalah markas tentara islam, juga Kufah adalah tempat kedudukan
Khalifah Ali bin Abi Thalib yang banyak dikunjungi oleh golongan ulama-ulama
sahabat yang masyhur<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlu diketahui bahwa terjadinya
perbedaan dalam penggunaan hadits dan qiyas sebagai dasar hukum adalah apabila
hadits itu dipandang tidak shahih oleh salah satu pihak, sementara pihak yang
satu lagi memandang shahih. Tetapi apabila kedua golongan tersebut sepakat akan
sesuatu hadits bahwa dia itu shahih, maka terdapatlah suatu kesepakatan antara
keduanya, bahwa hadits harus didahulukan daripada qiyas, mereka sama-sama tidak
menggunakan ra’yu.</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></sup></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hasan, M.Ali, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perbandingan Madzhab, </i>Rajawali Pers,
2002, hal.114</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hasan, M.Ali, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perbandingan Madzhab, </i>Rajawali Pers,
2002, hal.115</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hasan, M.Ali, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perbandingan Madzhab, </i>Rajawali Pers,
2002, hal.117</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Al-Mansur, Asep
Saifuddin, Drs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedudukan Madzhab Dalam
Syariat Islam, </i>Pustaka Al Husna, 1984, hal.35</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Al-Mansur, Asep
Saifuddin, Drs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedudukan Madzhab Dalam
Syariat Islam,</i> Pustaka Al Husna, 1984, hal.35-37</span></div>
</div>
</div>kang lukmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00968039630730175901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5553496196728213285.post-35415760647576210122011-12-04T17:22:00.001-08:002011-12-04T17:31:10.785-08:00Periode Penerapan Fiqh Masa Tabi’in<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Periode ini disebut juga periode
pembinaan dan pembukuan hukum islam. Pada masa ini fiqih islam mengalami
kemajuan yang sangat pesat sekali. Penulisan dan pembukuan hukum islam
dilakukan dengan intensif, baik berupa penulisan hadits-hadits Nabi,
fatwa-fatwa para sahabat dan tabi’in, tafsir <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Qur’an, kumpulan pendapat imam-imam fiqih, dan
penyususnan ushul fiqh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Banyak
diantara para ulama yang bertebaran di daerah-daerah yang dihuni oleh
orang-orang yang bukan bangsa Arab atau tidak berbahasa Arab dan tidak sedikit
penduduk daerah-daerah itu yang memeluk agama islam. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
semakin tersebarnya agama islam di kalangan penduduk dari berbagai daerah
tersebut, menjadikan semakin banyak persoalan-persoalan hukum yang timbul. Yang
tidak didapati ketetapan hukumnya dalam Al-Qur'an dan As-Sunnah.Untuk itu para
ulama yang tinggal di berbagai daerah itu berijtihad mencari ketetapan
hukumnya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Keistimewaan
</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span>ada </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span>asa </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span>abi’in</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Berkembangnya
beberapa pusat studi <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span>slam,
menurut Manna' al-Qatthan telah melahirkan dua tradisi besar dalam sejarah
pemikiran <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span>slam.
Keduanya adalah tradisi pemikiran <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">AhliRa'yu</span>dan
tradisi pemikiran <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">AhliHadits</span>.
Menurutnya, mereka yang tergolong AhliRa'yu dalam menggali ajaran islam banyak
menggunakan rasio (akal). Sedangkan mereka yang tergolong Ahl<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span>Hadits cenderung me<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">marjinalkan</span>peranan akal dan lebih
mengedapankan teks-teks suci dalam pengambilan keputusan agama<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Adapun keistimewaan pada masa tabi’in ini
adalah :</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Fiqih sudah sampai pada
titik sempurna pada masa ini.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Pada masa ini muncul ulam<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span>’-ulama’ besar, fuqoha’ dan
ahli ilmu yang lain.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Madzhab fiqih pada masa ini
sudah berkembang dan yang paling masyhur adalah 4 madzhab.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(Imam Maliki, Syafi’I, Hambali dan Hanafi).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>kang lukmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00968039630730175901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5553496196728213285.post-56322801284617282762011-12-04T17:16:00.001-08:002011-12-04T17:18:31.325-08:00(ESSAI) “Fungsi dan Kedudukan Konstitusi Bagi Indonesia Sebagai Pelindung (HAM) dan Kebebasan Warga Negara ”<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="Section1">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Istilah konstitusi (<i>constitution</i>) dalam bahasa inggris
memiliki makna yang lebih luas dari UUD, yakni keseluruhan dari peraturan-peraturan
baik yang tertulis maupun tidak tertulisyang mengatur secara mengikat cara-cara
bagaimana suatu pemerintahan diselenggarakan dalam suatu masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari pengertian diatas, konstitusi dapat disimpulkan sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 77.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kumpulan
kaidah yang memberikan pembatasan kekuasaan kepada penguasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 77.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dokumen
tentang pembagian tugas dan wewenangnya dari sistem politik yang diterapkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 77.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Deskripsi
yang menyangkut masalah hak asasi manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara garis besar tujuan konstitusi adalah membatasi tindakan sewenang-wenang
pemerintah, menjamin hak-hak rakyat yang diperintah, dan menetapkan kekuasaan
rakyat yang berdaulat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam paham konstitusi demokratis dijelaskan bahwa isi konstitusi
meliputi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 77.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anatomi
kekuasaan (kekuasaan politik) tunduk pada hukum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 77.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jaminan
dan perlindungan hak-hak asasi manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 77.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peradilan
yang bebas dan mandiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 77.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pertanggungjawaban
kepada rakyat (akuntabilitas publik) sebagaisendi utama dari asas kedaulatan
rakyat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari penjelasan di atas jelas konstitusi membatasi kekuasaan
penguasa dan menjamin terhadap hak-hak asasi manusia serta melindungi warga
negara dalam menjalani sistem yang berlaku di negara tersebut. Karena ababila
tidak diatur oleh kenstitusi maka hak-hak warga negara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">HAM merupakan sesuatu yang mutlak dimiliki setiap manusia, yang tanpanya
manusia mustahil dapat hidup sebagai manusia. Menurut John Locke “hak asasi
manusia adalah hak-hak yang diberikan langsung oleh Tuhan Yang Maha Pencipta
sebagai sesuatu yang bersifat kodrati”. Karena sifatnya demikian, maka tidak
ada kekuasaan apa pun di dunia ini yang dapat mencabut hak asasi setiap
manusia. HAM adalah hak dasar setiap manusia yang dibawa sejak lahir sebagai
anugerah Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, bukan pemberian manusia atau lembaga kekuasaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di indonesia sendiri perdebatan tentang dimana seharusnya materi
hak asasi manusia (HAM) diatur terus bergulir dalam masyarakat. Sebagian
menghendaki materi HAM masuk dalam salah satu rancangan ketetapan MPR. sebagian
kalangan (Golkar) mendesak agar masalah HAM menjadi bagian dari GBHN saja,
artinya tidak perlu dimuat dalam TAP tersendiri. Namun, sebagian ahli (hukum
tata negara) berpendapat bahwa perdebatan itu sudah salah kaprah karena materi
HAM itu merupakan bagian integral dari konstitusi, sehingga tidak tepat kalau
diatur di dalam ketetapan MPR dan harus masuk ke dalam konstitusi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Minimnya jumlah pasal tentang HAM dalam UUD 1945 disebabkan antara
lain pada waktu UUD<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1945 dirumuskan dan
ditetapkan oleh panitia persiapan kemerdekaan indonesia ( PPKI) , lahir lebih
dahulu dari The Universal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Declaration Of
Human Right PBB yang diproklamirkan tanggal 10 Desember 1948.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam batang tubuh dan penjelasan UUD 1945<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu sendiri kalau disarikan terdapat 15
prinsip HAM, yaitu:</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hak
menentukan nasib sendiri (preamble) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hak
akan warga negara (pasal 26)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hak
akan kesamaan dan persamaan di depan hukum (pasal 27)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hak
untuk bekerja (pasal 27)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hak
akan hidup layak (pasal 27)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hak
berserikat (pasal 28)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hak
menyatakan pendapat (pasal 28)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hak
beragama (pasal 29)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hak
untuk membela negara (pasal 30)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hak akan pendidikan (Pasal 31)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hak akan kesejahteraan sosial (Pasal 33)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hak akan jaminan sosial (Pasal 33)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hak akan kebebasan dan kemandirian peradilan
(Penjelasan pasal 24 dan 25)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hak mempertahankan tradisi budaya (Penjelasan
pasal 32)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hak mempertahankan bahasa daerah (Penjelasan
pasal 31)</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adanya 15 prinsip HAM dalam
UUD 1945 jelas merupakan komitmen negara ini terhadap HAM. Tetapi, komitmen ini
belum tentu mencerminkan keberadaan HAM secara real di masyarakat, malah
keberadaan prinsip-prinsip HAM ini di UUD 1945 bisa pula dilihat sebagai
‘possesion paradox’ dalam artian memiliki HAM tetapi tidak menikmati HAM karena
lemahnya rasa hormat terhadap HAM.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Huda,
ni’matul, 1999. Hukum tata negara : kajian teoritis dan yuridis terhadap
konstitusi indonesia, Yogyakarta: PSH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ubaedillah,
dan Rozak, Abdul, (penyunting), 2010. Pendidikan kewarganegaraan (civic
education) Demokrasi, HAM, dan Masyarakat Madani, Jakarta: ICCE UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kusnardi,
Moh, 1988. Pengantar Hukum Tata Negara Indonesia, Jakarta: FH UI dan CV Sinar
Bakti</span></div>kang lukmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00968039630730175901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5553496196728213285.post-20541953571452021052011-12-04T16:26:00.001-08:002011-12-04T16:26:49.089-08:00kampung blog<a href="http://www.kampungblog.com"><img src="http://www.kampungblog.com/button.php?u=kang-lukman" alt="KampungBlog.com - Kumpulan Blog-Blog Indonesia" border="0" /></a>kang lukmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00968039630730175901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5553496196728213285.post-5981734195743123342011-11-26T20:58:00.000-08:002011-11-26T21:05:18.016-08:00Permasalahan lingkungan, dampak dan solusinya<div class="Section1"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan yang terjadi di lingkungan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Permasalahan lingkungan yang sedang kita hadapi saat ini antara lain: perubahan iklim, pencemaran lingkungan dan berkurangnya SDA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1. Perubahan Iklim</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Proporsi efek pemanasan total(%)</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Karbon dioksida 61</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Metana 15</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Oksida nitrogen 4</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Oksida nitrogen lainnya 6</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">CFC-11 dan CFC 12 9</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Lain-lain 5</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>Perubahan iklim adalah perubahan jangka panjang dalam distribusi pola <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca">cuaca</a> secara statistik sepanjang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waktu" title="Waktu">periode waktu</a> mulai dasawarsa hingga jutaan tahun. Istilah ini bisa juga berarti perubahan keadaan cuaca rata-rata atau perubahan distribusi peristiwa cuaca rata-rata, Dalam penggunaannya saat ini, khususnya pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebijakan_lingkungan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kebijakan lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">kebijakan lingkungan</a>, perubahan iklim merujuk pada perubahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">iklim</a> modern.<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Penyumbang utama pada pemanasan global, 1980-90<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Pemanasan global atau <i>Global Warming</i> adalah suatu proses meningkatnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> rata-rata <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut">laut</a>, dan daratan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Adapun akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh pemanasan global antara lain:</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>keseimbangan ekosistem menjadi terganggu.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Peningkatan permukaan air laut.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Meningkatkan intensitas cuaca yang ekstrem.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berkurangnya lapisan es di kutub utara dan selatan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Punahnya beberapa jenis hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suhu global yang semakin meningkat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurunnya kesehatan masyarakat dikarenakan bertambah penyakit yang berhubungan dengan panas, terlebih jumlah polusi udara yang kian meningkat mengakibatkan penyakit seperti ISPA(infeksi saluran pernafasan akut).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Upaya agar efek dari pemanasan global tidak semakin bertambah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengurangan konsumsi bahan bakar fosil.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengurangi produksi gas rumah kaca.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan penanaman pohon kembali(reboisasi) yang dilakukan secara terus-menerus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengurangi pemakaian barang atau produk yang dapat merusak lapisan atmosfer.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2. Pencemaran lingkungan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berdasarkan lingkungan yang mengalami pencemaran, secara garis besar pencemaran lingkungan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi pencemaran air, tanah, dan udara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.2.1. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pencemaran </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Air</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di dalam tata kehidupan manusia, air banyak memegang peranan penting antara lain untuk minum, memasak, mencuci dan mandi. Di samping itu air juga banyak diperlukan untuk mengairi sawah, ladang, industri, dan masih banyak lagi.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pencemaran air adalah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">keadaan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimana" title="Dimana"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dimana</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> bahan kimia buatan manusia masuk dan mengubah lingkungan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> alami</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau" title="Danau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">danau</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">sungai</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan" title="Lautan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">lautan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_tanah" title="Air tanah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">air tanah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> akibat aktivitas manusia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, seperti</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Danau, sungai, lautan dan air tanah adalah bagian penting dalam siklus kehidupan manusia dan merupakan salah satu bagian dari siklus hidrologi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akan tetapi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> air juga mengalirkan sedimen dan polutan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Dampak dari polutan yang mengandung senyawa organik dan merkuri yang mencemari air sungai dan laut, yang akhirnya masuk ke dalam tubuh hewan-hewan di air seperti ikan. Ikan yang telah tercemar merkuri, apabila dikonsumsi oleh manusia akan bisa membahayakan mata dan otak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pencemaran air dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai hal dan memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penggunaan pupuk berlebih yang dapat menyebabkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> kandungan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">nutrien</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> meningkat dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mengarah pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofikasi" title="Eutrofikasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">eutrofikasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(</span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pertumbuhan tumbuhan air yang tidak terkendali</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">).</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sampah organik seperti air comberan (<i>sewage</i>) menyebabkan peningkatan kebutuhan oksigen pada air yang menerimanya yang mengarah pada berkurangnya oksigen yang dapat berdampak parah terhadap seluruh ekosistem.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Limbah i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ndustri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> antara lain </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">berbagai macam polutan ke dalam air limbahnya seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">logam berat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toksin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Toksin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">toksin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> organik, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak" title="Minyak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">minyak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, nutrien dan padatan. Air limbah tersebut memiliki efek termal, terutama yang dikeluarkan oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik" title="Pembangkit listrik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">pembangkit listrik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, yang dapat juga mengurangi oksigen dalam air.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">encemaran air oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">limbah domestik yang semakin meningkat. Seperti sampah rumah tangga. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dampak yang ditimbulkan:</span></div></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" /> </span> <br />
<div class="Section2"><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dapat menyebabkan banjir</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Erosi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kekurangan sumber air</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dapat membuat sumber penyakit</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tanah Longsor</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dapat merusak Ekosistem sungai</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kerugian untuk </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">masyarakat itu sendiri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></li>
</ul></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" /> </span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi pencemaran air:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemakaian jumlah pupuk dan insektisida yang tepat dan sesuai aturan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengolahan kembali yang benar limbah industri agar tidak lagi membahayakan pada lingkungannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengurangan penggunaan bahan kimia yang dapat merubah keasaman atau kebasaan air. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesadaran diri agar membuang sampah pada tepatnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemanfaatan limbah domestik menjadi kerajinan tangan dan lainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.2.2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pencemaran Tanah</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Tanah merupakan sumberdaya alam yang mengandung benda organik dan anorganik yang mampu mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"> Pencemaran tanah adalah keadaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimana" title="Dimana">dimana</a> bahan kimia buatan manusia masuk dan mengubah lingkungan tanah alami. Pencemaran ini biasanya terjadi karena: kebocoran limbah cair atau bahan kimia industri atau fasilitas komersial, penggunaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestisida" title="Pestisida">pestisida</a>, masuknya air permukaan tanah tercemar ke dalam lapisan sub-permukaan, kecelakaan kendaraaan pengangkut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak" title="Minyak">minyak</a>, zat kimia, atau limbah; air limbah dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tempat_penimbunan_sampah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tempat penimbunan sampah (halaman belum tersedia)">tempat penimbunan sampah</a> serta limbah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri" title="Industri">industri</a> yang langsung dibuang ke tanah secara tidak memenuhi syarat (<i>illegal dumping</i>).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"> Ketika suatu zat berbahaya/<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racun" title="Racun">beracun</a> telah mencemari permukaan tanah, maka ia dapat menguap, tersapu air <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan">hujan</a> dan atau masuk ke dalam tanah. Pencemaran yang masuk ke dalam tanah kemudian terendap sebagai zat kimia beracun di tanah. Zat beracun di tanah tersebut dapat berdampak langsung kepada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> ketika bersentuhan atau dapat mencemari air tanah dan udara di atasnya.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"> Tanah bisa dapat tercemar apabila penggunaan secara berlebihan terhadap pupuk dan bahan pestisida. Pencemaran tanah mempunyai ciri yaitu adanya perubahan tanah menjadi kering dan keras, hal ini disebabkan oleh jumlah kandungan garam yang sangat besar yang terdapat di dalam tanah. Selain itu, pencemaran tanah juga dapat disebabkan oleh sampah plastik karena pada umumnya sampah plastik tidak mengalami proses penghancuran secara sempurna.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">Akbat yang dapat ditimbulkan pada pencemaran tanah:</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Pengurangan unsur hara pada tanah dapat merusak dan menyebabkan tanah menjadi tidak subur.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Penggunaan insektisida yang berlebihan dapat membunuh mikro organisme dalam tanah.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Limbah industri maupun domestik yang meresap ke tanah dapat merusak kandungan dalam tanah.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Tumbuhan yang berada di atas tanah yang sudah tercemar biasanya akan mati.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi pencemaran tanah:</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Penggunaan insektisida dan pupuk yang benar dan jumlah yang tepat.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Pengolahan limbah industri yang baik dan benar, sehingga tidak lagi merusak tanah.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Pemanfaatan kembali limbah yang masih bisa digunakan menjadi kerajinan tangan dan lainya.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Mendaur ulang kembali sampah plastik, kertas dan kaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.2.3. Pencemaran Udara<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></b></span></span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pencemaran udara adalah kehadiran satu atau lebih substansi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisik" title="Fisik"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">fisik</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kimia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">biologi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" title="Atmosfer"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">atmosfer</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> dalam jumlah yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan manusia, hewan, dan tumbuhan, mengganggu estetika dan kenyamanan, atau merusak properti.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Pencemaran udara atau polusi udara akan berdampak merugikan dengan munculnya berbagai penyakit seperti kanker dan kerusakan paru-paru. Pencemar (polutan) utama pada udara adalah asap, debu, gas, abu, serbuk, gas beracun dan partikel-partikel kecil berbahaya lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Bentuk dari pencemaran udara:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Yang disebabkan oleh manusia</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Transportasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Industri</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pembangkit listrik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pembakaran (perapian, kompor, <i>furnace</i>,[insinerator]dengan berbagai jenis bahan bakar</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gas buang pabrik yang menghasilkan gas berbahaya seperti (CFC)</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber alami:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gunung berapi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rawa-rawa</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kebakaran hutan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrifikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nitrifikasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">Nitrifikasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denitrifikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Denitrifikasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">denitrifikasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> biologi</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber-sumber lain:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Transportasi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">amonia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kebocoran tangki </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">klor</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Timbulan gas </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metana" title="Metana"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">metana</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahan_uruk&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lahan uruk (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">lahan uruk</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> /</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempat_pembuangan_akhir" title="Tempat pembuangan akhir"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">tempat pembuangan akhir</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampah" title="Sampah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">sampah</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Uap pelarut organik</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adapun dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh pencemaran udara antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dampak terhadap kesehatan</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Substansi pencemar yang terdapat di udara dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pernapasan" title="Sistem pernapasan">sistem pernapasan</a>. Jauhnya penetrasi zat pencemar ke dalam tubuh bergantung kepada jenis pencemar. Partikulat berukuran besar dapat tertahan di saluran pernapasan bagian atas, sedangkan partikulat berukuran kecil dan gas dapat mencapai paru-paru. Dari paru-paru, zat pencemar diserap oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_peredaran_darah" title="Sistem peredaran darah">sistem peredaran darah</a> dan menyebar ke seluruh tubuh.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Dampak kesehatan yang paling umum dijumpai adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISNA&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ISNA (halaman belum tersedia)">ISNA</a> (infeksi saluran napas atas), termasuk di antaranya, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma" title="Asma">asma</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkitis" title="Bronkitis">bronkitis</a>, dan gangguan pernapasan lainnya. Beberapa zat pencemar dikategorikan sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toksik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Toksik (halaman belum tersedia)">toksik</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsinogenik" title="Karsinogenik">karsinogenik</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dampak terhadap tanaman</b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Tanaman yang tumbuh di daerah dengan tingkat pencemaran udara tinggi dapat terganggu pertumbuhannya dan rawan penyakit, antara lain <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorosis" title="Klorosis">klorosis</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nekrosis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nekrosis (halaman belum tersedia)">nekrosis</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bintik_hitam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bintik hitam (halaman belum tersedia)">bintik hitam</a>. Partikulat yang terdeposisi di permukaan tanaman dapat menghambat proses <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hujan asam</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">Hujan asam adalah hujan salju yang disertai asam. Penyebab utamanya adalah emisi dari asap pabrik dan kendaraan bermotor yang mencemari atmosfer. Gas sulfurdioksida merupakan unsur yang paling bertanggung jawab atas terjadinya hujan asam. Sulfurdioksida dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan bakar yang terbentuk dari fosil (misalnya: minyak bumi dan batu bara). Hujan asam ini berpengaruh sangat buruk pada kehidupan lain. Berdampak pada berkurangnya kemampuan reproduksi ikan-ikan, pepohonan layu sebelum masanya dan akar-akar pada tanaman menjadi busuk. Tanaman air adalah yang menerima akibat paling parah dari hujan asam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Efek rumah kaca</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efek_rumah_kaca" title="Efek rumah kaca"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">Efek rumah kaca</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> disebabkan oleh keberadaan CO2, CFC, metana, ozon, dan N2O di lapisan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposfer" title="Troposfer"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">troposfer</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> yang menyerap radiasi panas matahari yang dipantulkan oleh permukaan bumi. Akibatnya panas terperangkap dalam lapisan troposfer dan menimbulkan fenomena </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanasan_global" title="Pemanasan global"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;">pemanasan global</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kerusakan lapisan ozon</b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_ozon" title="Lapisan ozon"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lapisan ozon</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> yang berada di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosfer" title="Stratosfer"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">stratosfer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (ketinggian 20-35 km) merupakan pelindung alami bumi yang berfungsi memfilter </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiasi" title="Radiasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">radiasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ultraviolet</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> B dari matahari. Pembentukan dan penguraian molekul-molekul ozon (O3) terjadi secara alami di stratosfer. Emisi CFC yang mencapai stratosfer dan bersifat sangat stabil menyebabkan laju penguraian molekul-molekul ozon lebih cepat dari pembentukannya, sehingga terbentuk lubang-lubang pada lapisan ozon.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi pencemaran udara :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengendalian jumlah kendaraan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penggunaan teknologi ramah lingkungan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengurangan bahan bakar fosil.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menjaga lingkungan sekitar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3. Berkurangnya Sumber Daya Alam</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber Daya Alam atau SDA memiliki kegunaan untuk mempertahankan dan memberikan berbagai manfaat bagi manusia itu sendiri dimuka bumi ini. Baik itu SDA yang berupa materi, hayati, ruang, waktu, maupun energi. SDA sebenarnya dapat dikembangkan lebih jauh dan baik lagi. Baik dalam penggunaan, kualitas, dan kuantitasnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Namun belakangan ini kita sudah tidak perduli lagi terhadap sumber daya alam yang masih tersisa, tidak mau melestarikannya dan menggunakannya secara serakah. Pengekploitasian secara berlebih SDA itu memang awalnya mempunyai tujuan yang mulia yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> untuk menopang kehidupan manusia di bumi. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memang benar pemanfaatan dan hasil dari olahan SDA yang dieksploitasi itu nantinya akan berguna juga bagi manusia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akan tetapi itu hanya tujuan awalnya saja. Lambat laun, tujuan mulia itu bergeser kearah yang sangat melenceng, yaitu untuk memberikan keuntungan pada individu itu sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Sehingga pemanfaatan itu tak dapat lagi dikendalikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh berkurangnya SDA sendiri antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penggundulan hutan yang tidak terkendali mempermudah terjadinya erosi, tanah longsor dan dan banjir.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemanfaatan lahan resapan air sebagai jalan, gedung dan perumahan mengakibatkan berkurangnya lahan resapan air dan mengakibatkan banjir.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemanfaatan air tanah yang berlebihan mengakibatkan menurunnya permukaan tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengambilan sumber tambang yang berlebihan mengakibatkan kerusakan lingkungan dan menghabiskan sumber daya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Usaha yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan-permasalahan yang terjadi pada lingkungan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menggunakan teknologi yang ramah lingkungan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penegakan hukum yang adil dan konsisten dari pemerintah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Membatasi jumlah pengambilan tambang dan pemanfaatan SDA.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengikut sertakan masyarakat untuk mengatasi permasalahan global.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penggunaan energi ramah lingkungan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>Sri widiati dan Hari Kusnanto, <i>Planet Kita Kesehatan KitaI(</i>Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University, 2001) hlm. 346</div></div><div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>Irwan Kurniawan, <i>Lingkungan Hidup dan Polusi</i> (Bandung: Penerbit Jember,2006), hlm. 35</div></div><div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>http//<span lang="EN-US">id.wikipedia.org</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div></div><div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>Irwan Kurniawan, <i>Lingkungan Hidup dan Polusi</i> (Bandung: Penerbit Jember,2006), hlm. 25</div></div></div>kang lukmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00968039630730175901noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5553496196728213285.post-49583266933273875232011-11-26T07:20:00.000-08:002011-11-26T07:20:58.463-08:00Pembaharuan Islam Di Timur Tengah <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memahami Arti Pembaharuan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembaruan, dalam kamus besar bahasa indonesia bermakna gerakan umum atau hasil khusus untuk menghapuskan kesalahan fungsi sistem yang ada di masyarakat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun pembaharuan islam di timur tengah sendiri merupakan semangat yang dilakukan pembaharu dalam merubah kesalah pahaman masyarakat soal agama, politik, pendidikan, kemasyarakatan dan pemerintahan. Agar umat islam yang tertinggal juah dari bangsa Eropa pada waktu itu bangkit dan mengejar ketertinggalannya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyebab Terjadinya Pebaharuan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketidakmurnian lagi agama islam yang oleh sebagian golongan salah mengaplikasikan terhadap qada dan qodar serta timbulya bidah-bidah dan hadis-hadis palsu. Mulai terpecahnya umat islam pada saat itu kerena mementingkan madzhab atau golongan tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada abad 18, negara-negara islam mulai tunduk pada bangsa eropa dan selalu menurutinya tanpa usaha sedikitpun untuk membebaskan diri dari penjajah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari semua sebab kemunduran tersebut akhirnya para tokoh pembaru yang memang memiliki komitmen yang benar terhadap Islam pun tampil. Dengan tujuan mengatasi keterbelakangan umat islam dalam hampir seluruh aspek kehidupan dan terdorong oleh kemajuan barat dan dampaknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tokoh-Tokoh Pembaharuan Dan Pemikirannya</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jamaluddin al-Afghani</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biografi singkat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jamaluddin al-Afghani atau Al-Jamal Asadabadi-Din, lahir di desa asabad dekat hamadan, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Iran</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, pada tahun 1839. Jamaluddin al-Afghani adalah seorang pemimpin pembaharuan dalam islam yang tempat tinggalnya berpindah-pindah antar negara islam. Pengaruh terbesarnya di Mesir, ketika baru berusia 22 tahun ia telah menjadi pembantu bagi pangeran Dost Muhammad Khan di Afghanistan. Di tahun 1864 ia menjadi penasehat Sher Ali Khan. Beberapa tahun kemudian ia diangkat oleh Muhammad A’zam Khan menjadi perdana mentri. Pada masa itu inggris telah mencampuri soal politik dalam negeri Afghanistan dan Jamaluddin al-Afghani termasuk yang melawan golongan yang disokong inggris, pihaknya kalah dan kemudian ia meninggalkan Afghanistan dan pindah ke India pada tahun 1869. Namun pada tahun 1871 ia pindah ke Mesir karena India pun telah jatuh ke bawah kekuasaan inggris.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di kairo ia memusatkan perhatian pada bidang alamiah dan sastra Arab. Dan rumah tempat ia tinggal menjadi tempat pertemuan para pengikutnya, yang terdiri dari para orang-orang terkemuka di pengadilan, dosen-dosen, mahasiswa, dan juga pegawai pemerintahan.yang diantaranya Muhammad Abduh dan Sa’ad Zaghul.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada tahun 1879 atas usaha Jamaluddin al-Afghani terbentuklah partai Al-Hizb al-Wathani (partai nasional), diantara tujuan partai ini adalah memperjuangkan pendidikan universal, kemerdekaan pers dan pemasukan unsur-unsur mesir ke bidang militer. Tapi pada tahun 1879 Jamaluddin al-Afghani di usir oleh pemerintahan atas tekanan inggris.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari mesir Jamaluddin al-Afghani pindah ke Paris dan mendirikan perkumpulan Al-‘Urwah al-Wusqha, anggotanya terdiri dari orang islam dari India, Mesir, Syria, Afrika Utara, dll. Di tahun 1889 Jamaluddin al-Afghani diundang ke persia untuk menyelesaikan persengketaan yang timbul karena adanya politik pro-inggris yang dianut pemerintahan waktu itu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-Afghani melihat bahwa Syar Nasir Al-Din perlu digulingkan, tapi sebelum sempat menjatuhkannya ia telah dipaksa keluar dari Persia. Di tahun 1986 Syah dibunuh oleh pengikut al-Afghani.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Atas undangan Sultan Abdul Hamid, al-Afghani selanjutnya pindah ke istambul pada tahun 1892. Bantuan dari negara-negara islam diperlukan Sultan Abdul Hamid untuk menentang Eropa yang waktu itu kian mendesak kedudukan kerajaan usmani di timur tengah. Akan tetapi kerjasama antara al-Afghani dan Sultan Hamid yang mempertahankan kekuasaan otokrasi lama, tidak bisa tercapai. Ia tetap tinggal di sana sampai wafat pada tahun 1897.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran Jamaluddin al-Afghani</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></em><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bangkitkan kesadaran berpolitik melawan absolutism.</span></b></em><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Harus dijelaskan pada massa bahwa perjuangan politik adalah kewajiban agama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> bahwa tidak ada pemisahan antara agama dan politik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> bahwa setiap orang harus terlibat dalam nasib politik Negara dan masyarakat Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></em><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lengkapi diri dengan sains dan tekonologi modern.</span></b></em><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dominasi barat terjadi karena keunggulan dalam sains dan teknologi. Kaum Muslim tidak harus menolak segala hal yang datang dari barat. Mereka harus belajar dari barat, tetapi bukan mengadopsi peradaban mereka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sains dan teknologilah yang harus mereka kuasai.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></em><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kembali pada Islam yang sebenarnya.</span></b></em><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Praktek-praktek korup</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">si</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan tambahan-tambahan yang tidak bermanfaat dalam pengamalan Islam harus dibuang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> umat harus dikembalikan kepada Al-Qur`an,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Sunnah, kehidupan suci pada zaman permulaan Islam. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></em><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidupkan aqidah Islam sebagai aqidah yang komprehensif dan independen.</span></b></em><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam adalah agama sains dan kerja keras, agama yang menuntut tanggung jawab, agama yang memuliakan akal dan membenci takhayul. Dia menganjurkan murid-muridnya untuk menghidupkan kembali filsafat dalam khazanah pemikiran Islam. </span><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></em></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></em><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lawan kolonialisme asing.</span></b></em><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penjajah asing di dunia Islam bukan saja mengandung implikasi eksploitasi politik, tetapi juga dominasi ekonomi dan budaya. Kaum Muslim harus disadarkan bahwa sekularisme adalah taktik barat untuk melepaskan pengaruh Islam dalam masyarakat. Harus ditegaskan bahwa kultur barat tidak akan membawa kemakmuran manusia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></em><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tegakkan persatuan Islam.</span></b></em><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk melawan invasi barat, kaum Muslim haruslah bersatu. Bersatu tidaklah berarti menyatukan mazhab. Bersatu berarti menyatukan front politik dan organisasi. Ia mengecam pembagian Islam dalam Negara-negara kecil dan mengkhutbahkan Pan-Islamisme. </span><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></em></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></em><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hilangkan rasa rendah diri dan rasa takut terhadap barat.</span></b></em><em><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lewat sebuah cerita kiasan dalam <em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-`uwah Al-`wustqa, </span></em>ia mengingatkan kaum Muslim bahwa ketakutan terhadap barat adalah ilusi yang dibentuk sendiri. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kaum Muslim tidak boleh takut terhadap hingar-bingar suara barat. Diperlukan orang yang mennatang maut untuk menjatuhkan kepongahan barat. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhammad Abduh</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biografi Singkat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhammad Abduh bin Hassan Khair Ullah. Lahir di desa Mahillah (Mesir) pada 1265 H/1849 M. Ayahnya bernama Abduh Hasan Khairillah ,seorang keturunan Turki dan ibunya mempunyai keturunan yang nasabnya sampai pada Umar bin Khattab (Khulafaur-rasyidin).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Orang tuanya sangat memperhatikan terhadap pendidikan Muhammad Abduh, dalam waktu 2 tahun ia sudah bisa hafal al-Quran, pada 1862 ia dikirim ke perguruan agama di masjid Syeikh Ahmad yang terletak di desa Tanta, pada tahun 1866 ia meneruskan ke perguruan tinggi al-Azhar di Cairo, di sinilah ia bertemu dengan Sayyid Jamaluddin al-Afghani.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia belajar filsafat di bawah bimbingan al-Afghani. Pada tahun 1877 studinya selesai dengan hasil baik dan mendapat gelar alim. Kemudian ia diangkat menjadi dosen Al-Azhar dan Universitas Darul Ulum. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena hubungan dengan jamaluddin al-Afghani yang dituduh mengadakan gerakan menentang Khadewi Taufik, maka Muhammad Abduh yang diduga ikut campur dalam persoalan ini dibuang keluar kota Chairo. Tapi setahun kemudian (1880 M) ia kembali diperbolehkan ke Chairo dan diangkat menjadi redaktur surat kabar resmi pemerintah yang bernama Al-Waqa’il Mishriyah dan dibentu oleh Sa’ad Zaglul Pasya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam peristiwa pemberontakan Urabi Pasya (1882) Muhammad Abduh terlibat di dalamnya sehingga ia diusir dari mesir. Ia kemudian memilih Syria (Beirut) dalam waktu satu tahun, kemudian ia tiba di Paris (1884) atas panggilan Sayyid Jamaluddin Al-Afghani. Bersama Jamaluddin Al-Afghani ia mendirikan organisasi Al-‘Urwatul Wusqha dan menerbitkan sebuah majalah yang sama dengan nama organisasinya. Dalam majalahnya ia menyerukan agar umat islam bangkit, gebrakan ini dengan cepat menggema di kalangan umat islam, namun kaum imperialis cemas dan gempar. Dan akhirnya pada tahun 1884 Inggris, Belanda dan Perancis melarang majalah ini, akhirnya Muhammad Abduh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kembali ke Mesir. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di Mesir Muhammad Abduh menjabat sebagai mufti Mesir dan anggota Majelis perwakilan (<i>legislatif council</i>), Muhammad Abduh wafat pada 1905 M dikuburkan di Alexandria.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran Muhammad Abduh </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran pembaharuan Muhammad Abduh hampir sama dengan Jamaluddin Al-Afghani karena kedekatannya, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pemikirannya banyak menginspirasi organisasi Islam, salah satunya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Muhammadiyah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, karena ia berpendapat, Islam akan maju bila umatnya mau belajar, tidak hanya ilmu agama, tapi juga ilmu sains.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> di antara pemikirannya adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aspek kebebasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam memperjuangkan cita-cita pembaharuannya. Dalam hal ini Nasionalisme dan dititik beratkan pada pendidikan. Kesadaran rakyat bernegara dapat disadarkan melelui pendidikan, surat kabar, majalah dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aspek kemasyarakatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam hal perkawinan Muhammad Abduh pada dasarnya monogami, sedangkan surah An-Nisa ayat 3 memperbolehkan poligami diikat dengan syarat adil yang menurutnya tidak mungkin dilaksanakan oleh manusia.</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aspek keagamaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhammad Abduh tidak menghendaki adanya taklid agar pintu ijtihad tetap terbuka, agama dan ilmu tidak ada pertentangan karena Al-Qur’an bukan saja sesuai dengan ilmu pengetahuan tetapi memberikan semangat agar umat islam mengembangkannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aspek pendidikan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia memikirkan bahwa pelajaran-pelajaran agama perlu dimasukkan ke dalam sekolah pemerintahan, begitu pun sebaliknya madrasah yang masih memakai sistem lama dapat menyusupkan ilmu pengetahuan ke dalam pelajarannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syaikh Muhammad Rasyid</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ridha</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biografi Singkat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syaikh Muhammad Rasyid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ridha lahir pada tahun 1965 M, di al-Qalamun suatu desa di Libanon yang letaknya tidak jauh dari kota Tripoli (Syria). Ia berasal dari keturunan Al-Hussein, cucu Nabi Muhammad SAW. Oleh karena itu ia memekai gelar “Sayid” di depan namanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasyid Ridha menyelesaikan pelajaran-pelajaran <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">muqadimat </span></em>(pelajaran dasar) di bawah didikan ayahnya. Rasyid kecil aktif menghafalkan Al Qur’an pada masa-masa itu. Kemudian ia pergi ke Tarablus dan memasuki sekolah dasar Ar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasyidiyah, salah satu sekolah milik</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pemerintahan Utsmani</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a juga mempelajari bahasa Turki</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan Perancis</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Pada tahun 1299 H /1882 M, ia belajar di Madrasah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wathaniyah yang merupakan sekolah terkemuka di zaman itu dan pendirinya adalah Syaikh Husain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">is</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">r. Namun tak lama kemudian sekolahan ini ditutup oleh pemerintahan Utsmani.</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasyid Ridha aktif mengikuti kelas-kelas non-formal Syaikh Husain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">is</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">r. Ia belajar ilmu-ilmu syariat, ilmu <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">aqli</span></em> dan bahasa Arab dari Syaikh Husain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">is</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">r. R</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">syid Ridha juga mempelajari ilmu hadis dari Syaikh Mahmud Nashyabah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syaikh Abdul Ghani Ar Rafi’i, Mahmud Al Ghajawi, dan Muhammad </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-</span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Husaini.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasyid Ridha ingin sekali bergabung dengan Jamaluddin Al-Afghani di Istambul, tapi niatnya tidak terkabul. Sewaktu Muhammad Abduh dibuang ke Beirut Rasyid Ridha punya kesempatan untuk berjumpa dan berdialog dengannya, ide-ide dan pemikiran al-jisr, Jamaluddin Al-Afghani dan Muhammad Abduh sejalan dan mempengaruhi jiwanya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasyid Ridha mulai mencoba menerapkan ide-idenya di Suria tapi usahanya mendapat tentangan dari pihak kerajaan Usmani, ia merasa tidak bebas dan memutuskan untuk pindah ke Mesir pada tahun 1898, dekat dengan Muhammad Abduh. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dua tahun kemudian ia menerbitkan majalah yang diberi nama Al-Manar. Dalam nomor pertama dijelaskan bahwa tujuan Al-Manar sama dengan Al-‘Urwah Al-Wusqa. Antara lain mengadakan pembaharuan dalam bidang agama, sosial dan ekonomi, memberantas takhayul dan bid’ah-bid’ah yang masuk ke dalam tubuh islam menghilangkan faham fatalisme, serta faham-faham salah yang dibawa tarekat tassawuf.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syaikh Muhammad Rasyid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ridha meninggal dengan aman dan memeluk Al-Quran pada tanggal 23 Jumadil ula 1354 / 22 Agustus 1935. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran </span></b><b><span lang="AMH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AMH; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syaikh Muhammad Rasyid</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ridha</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bidang agama</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Umat islam harus kembali dibawa ke ajaran yang sebenarnya, murni dari segala bid’ah. Dalam soal muamalah, dasar-dasar seperti keadilan, persamaan, serta pemerintahan,<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></em>perincian dan pelaksanaannya, umatlah yang menentukan. Sedangkan, hukum-hukum fiqh mengenai hidup kemasyarakatan, didasarkan kepada al-Qur’an dan Hadits. Menghilangkan paham fatalisme, dan menggantinya dengan faham dinamika.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ijtihad tidaklah diperelukan dalam persoalan ibadah. Ijtihad hanya diperlukan dalam menghadapi persoalan-persoalan bermasyarakat. Ijtihad juga tidak diperlukan terhadap ayat dan hadits yang mengandung arti tegas, namun hanya terhadap ayat dan hadits yang tidak mengandung arti tegas, serta terhadap persoalan-persoalan yang tidak disebutkan dalam al-Qur’an dan hadits.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengatasi sikap fanatik, Rasyid Ridha menganjurkan terhadap toleransi bermazhab. Yang perlu dipertahankan dalam kesamaan faham umat. Rasyid Ridha melihat perlunya diadakan penafsiran modern terhadap al-Qur’an, yaitu penafsiran yang sesuai dengan ide-ide yang dicetuskan oleh gurunya yang kemudian dikenal dengan tafsir Al-Manaar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bidang pendidikan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Rasyid Ridha, membangun sarana pendidikan adalah lebih baik dibandingkan membangun masjid. Menurutnya, masjid tidak besar nilainya apabila mereka yang shalat di dalamnya hanyalah orang-orang bodoh. Akan tetapi dengan membangun sarana dan prasarana pendidikan, akan dapat menghapuskan kebodohan. Dengan begitu, pekerjaan duniawi dan ukhrawi akan menjadi baik dan teratasi. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia juga mengadakan berubahan kurikulum dengan melakukan penambahan materi-materi seperti Teologi, Pendidikan Moral, Sosiologi, Ilmu Bumi, Sejarah, Ekonomi, Ilmu Hitung, Ilmu Kesehatan dan Bahasa-Bahasa Asing dan ilmu mengatur rumah tangga<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasan al-Bana</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biografi Singkat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasan al-Bana dilahirakan pada tanggal 14 oktober 1906 di desa mahmudiyah kawasan buhairah, mesir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Ayahnya, Syaikh Ahmad al-Banna adalah seorang ulama fiqh dan hadits. Pada usia 12 tahun ia telah menghafal al- Qur’an. Hasan al-Bana lulus dari sekolahnya dengan peringkat terbaik dan nomor 5 terbaik dari seluruh mesir. Pada usia 16 ia menjadi mahasiswa perguruan tinggi Darul Ulum, dan menamatkannya pada usia 21 tahun dan ditunjuk menjadi guru isma’iliyah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasan al-Bana prihatin dengan kelakuan inggris yang memperbudak bangsanya. Kekhalifahan utsmaniyah (turki), sebagai pengayom umat islam mengalami keruntuhan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kekuasaan raja yang absolut dan keberadaan partai-partai pada masa itu yang banyak terpengaruh oleh kekuasaan Inggris, merupakan hal-hal yang mempengaruhi pemikiran politik Hasan Al-Banna sehingga Hasan Al-Banna berinisiatif untuk mendirikan organisasi yang berjuang untuk mengembalikan Mesir dalam kondisi yang kondusif dan menyerukan persatuan Islam yaitu Ikhwanul Muslimin pada tahun 1928.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada tahun 1932 Hasan Al-Banna pindah ke Kairo, pada tahun 1938 kegiatan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ikhwanul Muslimin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> mulai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merambah ke bidang politik. Ketika Perang Dunia II terjadi, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ikhwanul Muslimin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> berkembang lebih pesat dan menjadi organisasi penting dalam kekuatan Mesir. Tetapi, akhirnya benturan antara </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ikhwanul Muslimin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dengan pemerintah Mesir tak bisa dihindari. Mulai dari penilaian banyak anggota yang menyatakan bahwa pemerintah Mesir telah mengkhianati kepentingan nasionalisme Mesir sendiri. Pemerintah pun akhirnya menilai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ikhwanul Muslimin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> sebagai “ancaman” dan penyergapan para tokoh IM pun terjadi. Dan pada 12 Februari 1949 Al-Banna tertembak oleh penembak misterius yang oleh banyak kalangan diyakini sebagai penembak “utusan” pemerintah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran Hasan al-Bana</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran Al-banna yang memandang bahwa Islam adalah agama yang universal dan menyeluruh, bukan hanya agama yang bersifat ibadah ritual saja. Tetapi Islam juga mencangkup sosok individu, keluarga, pemerintahan dan kenegaraan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasan al-Bana merupakan pendiri Ikhwanul Muslimin, adapun prinsip dari yang bergerak berprinsip :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Allah tujuan kami (Allahu ghayatuna)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasulullah teladan kami (Ar-Rasul qudwatuna)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur'an landasan hukum kami (Al-Quran dusturuna)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jihad jalan kami (Al-Jihad sabiluna)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mati syahid di jalan Allah cita-cita kami yang tertinggi (Syahid fiisabilillah asma amanina).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; 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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali Syari’ati</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biografi singkat</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali Syari’ati lahir 23 November 1933, di desa Mazinan, pinggiran kota Masyahad dan Sabzavar, Provinsi Khorasa, Iran. Desanya berada di tepi gurun pasir Dasht-I Kavir, di sebelah Timur Laut Iran. Dia lahir dari keluarga ulama. Ayahnya, Muhammad Taqi Syari’ati adalah seorang ulama yang mempunyai silsilah panjang keluarga ulama dari Masyhad. Kota pemakaman Imam Ali Ridha, Imam ke delapan dari kepercayaan Islam Syi’ah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sementara dari pihak ibu, kakeknya, Akhun Hakim, adalah sosok ulama yang kisah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hidupnya turut menginspirasi Syari’ati. Sementara pamannya, adalah murid dari ulama terkemuka Adib Nishapuri, yang telah belajar filsafat, fiqh, dan sastra. Guru pertama Ali Syari’ati adalah Taqi Syari’ati, ayahnya sendiri, yang memutuskan untuk mengajar di kota Masyhad.Pada tahun 1940, Syari’ati mulai bersekolah di Sekolah Dasar Negeri, yang bukan sekolah agama. Dan tahun 1950 ia melanjutkan pendidikan ke Sekolah Pendidikan Guru selama dua tahun. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tahun 1956, Syari’ati melanjutkan studi di Fakultas Sastra Universitas Masyhad. Dan di tahun 1959, Syari’ati berhasil lulus sebagai sarjana Fakultas Sastra Universitas Masyhad dengan peringkat pertama di kelasnnya.Tahun 1960, Syari’ati mendapatkan beasiswa dari pemerintah Iran dan melanjutkan pendidikan tingkat sarjana di Universitas Sorbonne, Prancis. Syari’ati menjadi asisten riset Massignon (Islamolog Prancis) tahun 1960-1962 untuk menterjemahkan dokumen berbahasa Persia, dalam menulis biografi putri Nabi Muhammad, Fatimah. Di tempat yang sama, pada tahun 1963-1964 Syari’ati menyerap wawasan sosiologi Islam dari Jacques Berque. Dan ia pun akhirnya berhasil meraih gelar doktor di bidang Sosiologi dan Filsafat Sejarah Islam pada tahun 1964.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Kesibukannya sudah terlihat pada tahun 1952, ia memulai karirnya sebagai guru di desa Ahmadabad. Dekat Masyhad, sambil terus belajar di Sekolah Pendidikan Guru. Dan pada tahun 1950-an itu pula ia ikut dalam gerakan NRM (Nasional Resistance Movement) cabang Masyhad, yang dibentuk oleh Mehdi Bazargan dan aktifis sosial yang bernama Sayyid Mahmud Thaliqani. Karena gerakan itulah, tahun 1957 ia bersama ayahnya dipenjara di Rumah Tahanan Qazil Qal’ah, Taheran, selama 8 bulan sebagai akibat gerakan oposisinya melawan rezim Syah Reza Pahlevi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Pada tahun 1962-1963, dia sibuk dengan aktifitas politik dan jurnalistik. Ia juga menjadi redaktur jurnal Iran-e Azad (free Iran) yang didirikan organisasi Gerakan Nasional Anti-Syah di Eropa. Gerakan yang menuntut pembebasan Iran (Liberation Movement of Iran. Tahun 1965, setelah mendapatkan gelar Doktor, Syari’ati diterima menjadi asisten profesor di Universitas Masyhad. Ia juga mengajar di tiga SMU dalam rangka mendirikan lembaga pendidikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Pada tahun 1967, dia menjadi dosen Sejarah Islam di Fakultas Sastra Universitas Masyhad. Sebagai sosiolog muslim, Syari’ati sering berdiskusi dengan mahasiswanya membicarakan masalah yang dihadapi Kaum Muslim berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip Islam. Karena pemikiran baru itu, Rezim Syah Iran menghentikan aktivitas mengajarnya, dan pada tahun 1968 ia dipensiunkan dari Kementrian Pendidikan di usianya yang baru 35 Tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Setelah dipensiunkan ia pun pindah ke Taheran, dan kembali melanjutkan aktivitas mengajarnya di Institut Hussainiyah Al-Irshad. Setelah pemikiran Syari’ati berhasil disalurkan kepada masyarakat, berbagai perlawanan pun bermunculan. Dan akhirnya pada November 1972 berdampak pengepungan dan penutupan Institut Hussayniah Irshad oleh polisi Iran. Ia pun akhirnya diganjar penjara di Rumah Tahanan Komitah, penjara khusus tahanan politik.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Maret 1975, Syari’ati terpaksa dibebaskan. Tapi, walaupun dibebaskan, ia tetap diawasi dengan ketat, dan dilarang untuk menuangkan ide-idenya ke dalam buku ataupun berhubungan dengan murid-muridnya. Tetapi, secara diam-diam ia tetap memberikan kuliah perlawanan. Karena batasan-batasan tersebut, akhirnya Syari’ati memutuskan untuk pergi ke London pada Mei 1977. Dengan mengganti nama resminya Muhammad Ali Mazinani, menjadi Ali Syari’ati agar tidak terdeteksi dan bisa lolos ke luar negeri. Juni 1977, Pouran, istri Syari’ati beserta tiga putrinya hendak menyusul ke London. Namun, setelah menjemput dan membawa mereka kesebuah rumah yang telah disewa Syari’ati di daerah Southampton, Inggris pagi 19 Juni 1997, Syariati ditemukan tewas di Southampton, Inggris. Pemerintah iran menyatakan Syari’ati tewas akibat penyakit jantung, tetapi banyak yang percaya bahwa dia dibunuh oleh polisi rahasia Iran. Syari’ati akhirnya dikuburkan di Damaskus, Suriah. Pada 27 Juni 1977.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran Ali Syari’ati</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Belajar di Perancis menjadikan pemikiran Syari’ati cenderung kepada filsafat. Dan pemikiran yang sangat Syari’ati terkenal diantaranya Pemikiran tentang penciptaan manusia. Penciptaan manusia adalah pemikiran Syari’ati yang menyatakan bahwa manusia memiliki dua dimensi yang bertolak belakang. Ruh ilahiyah yang selalu menjurus kepada kesempurnaan dan sifat asal tanah yang rendah dan hina. Manusia juga satu-satunya makhluk yang sanggup memegang dan mengemban amanat untuk menjadi khalifah. Karena kebebasan memilih yang dikaruniakan oleh Allah Swt. Dan manusia mencoba berjuang untuk mendapatkan kesempurnaan yang ia inginkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manusia juga dikaruniai dengan sifat Ilahiah, yang Smembebaskannya dari seorang basyar atau makhluk yang hanya “berada”, menjadi insan atau makhluk yang “menjadi”. Sifat-sifat tersebut adalah kesadaran diri yang membuka ide-ide, kemauan bebas untuk memilih apapun dan kreativitas untuk menghadirkan hal-hal baru. Pemikiran lainnya membahas tentang penjara yang membelenggu dan menghalangi manusia untuk menggapai kesempurnaan. Penjara Sejarah yang menjadikan manusia terpaku pada kehidupan nenek moyang, penjara masyarakat yang menjadikan manusia terisolasi dari dunia luar, penjara biologis yang menafikan potensi-potensi menakjubkan yang dimiliki manusia dan penjara ego yang menghindari segala perubahan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> KBBI v1.1</div></div><div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> N.R. Keddie, <i>"Afghāni, Jamāl al-dīn"</i>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Encyclopædia Iranica (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Encyclopedia Iranica</span></a></div></div><div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Harun Nasution, Pembaharuan dalam islam,(Jakarta: PT Bulan Bintang,1991), hal 43</div></div><div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="http://dierdzarghifari.blogdetik.com/">http://dierdzarghifari.blogdetik.com</a> </div></div><div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> Yusran Asmuni, pengantar studi pemikiran dan gerakan pembaharuan dalam dunia islam,(Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo persada,1998), hal 78-81 </div></div><div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> Harun Nasution, Pembaharuan dalm islam,(Jakarta: PT Bulan Bintang,1991), hal 57</div></div><div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> Yusran Asmuni, pengantar studi pemikiran dan gerakan pembaharuan dalam dunia islam,(Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo persada,1998), hal 82</div></div><div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="http://www.taqrib.info/">http://www.taqrib.info</a> </div></div><div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> Harun Nasution, Pembaharuan dalm islam,(Jakarta: PT Bulan Bintang,1991)</div></div><div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="http://poetraboemi.wordpress.com/">http://poetraboemi.wordpress.com</a> </div></div><div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="http://wikipedia.com/">http://wikipedia.com</a> </div></div><div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid. Hal 207</div></div><div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> http://blogspot.com/2008/01/pemikiran-ali-syariati-tentang.htm</div></div><div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> http://blogspot.com/2008/01/</div></div></div>kang lukmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00968039630730175901noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5553496196728213285.post-30127802956225348282011-11-26T07:14:00.000-08:002011-11-26T07:14:01.243-08:00Ijtihad<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian Ijtihad</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ijtihad menurut bahasa berarti mencurahkan kemampuan secara maksimal, untuk mencapai suatu urusan, atau suatu pekerjaan</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sedangkan menurut istilah, para Ulama Ushul memberikan banyak definisi yang berbeda dalam redaksinya. Namun mereka sepakat dalam hakikat dan tujuannya, diantaranya kami kemukakan beberapa pendapat mereka sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Al-Ghazali, ialah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 140.25pt right 454.95pt;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-EG" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>بَذل ا لمجتهدوسعه فى طلب العلم باحكام الشّريعه</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Ibnul Hajib :</span></div><div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">افراغ الفقيعه الوسع التحصيل ظنّ بحكم شرعيّ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Al Kamal ibnul Humam ialah :<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ب</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-EG" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ذلالطّا قه من الفقيه في تحصيل حكم شرعيّ عقليّا كان اونقليا قطعيّاكان اوظنّيّا</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Dr. Nadiyah Syarif Al Umari, defini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i ketiga inilah yang paling lengkap, karena :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nampak jelas dan terang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia bersifat umum, meliputi ijtihad dalam masalah qath’iah dan lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia meliputi ijtihad kelompokdan ijtihad perorangan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kalau ada kritikan kepadanya, sangat sedikit disbanding dengan definisi-definisi lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Argumentasi Pro dan Kontra Ijtihad</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam kondisi masyarakat umum, terdapat beberapa pemahaman tentang keberadaan ijtihad. Terdapat kelompok pendukung ijtihad yang berpendirian bahwa ijtihad diberbolehkan dalam syari’at islam, sehingga ijtihad dapat dijadikan dasar tasyri’. sedangkan terdapat pula kelompok lain yang berpendapat bahwa ijtihad tidak diperbolehkan dalam syari’at islam, yaitu ijtihad tidak dapat dijadikan dasar-dasar penetapan hukum Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Argumentasi Kelompok Anti Ijtihad</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Banyak ayat-ayat yang arti umumnya menunjukkan akan kecukupan nash untu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> memenuhi keperluan manusia tanpa menempuh ijtihad, seperti firman Allah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Dan kami turunkan kepadamu Al-Qur’an sebagai penjelasan terhadap semua golongan.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dan jikalau hal-hal yang tidak ada nashnya maka kembali kepada ayat-ayat Allah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Hai orang-orang yang beriman, janganlah kamu menanyakan (kepada Nabimu) hal-hal yang jika diterangkan kepadamu, niscaya menyusahkan kamudan jika kamu menanyakan di waktu al-Qur’an itu sedang diturunkan, niscaya akan diterangkan kepadamu. Allah memaafkan (kamu) tentang hal-hal itu. Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Penyantun.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun ayat yang menunjukkan tidak bolehnya menetapkan hukum dengan ra’yu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“<i>Sesungguhnya kami telah menurunkan kitab kepadamu dengan membawa kebenaran, supaya engkau mengadili antara manusia dengan apa yang Allah telah wahyukan kepadamu. Tidak dikatakan, “dengan apa yang engkau telah berpendapat”</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">As-Sunnah</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari sunnah ada yang mencela orang yang menggunakan ra’yu seperti sebuah hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Malik al-Asyja’i :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bahwa Rasulullah saw. Bersabda : “<i>Akan terpecah belah umatku menjadi tujuh puluh golongan lebih. Golongan yang paling besar sesuatu kaum yang membatasi agama itu dengan pendapat mereka. Mereka mengharamkan apa yang dihalalkan Allah dan mengharamkan apa yang diharamkan Allah</i>”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demikian pula asar sahabat pun ada yang menunjukan celah mereka terhadap perbuatan menggunakan ra’yu dalam urusan agama. Seperti perkataan Umar :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hati-hatilah terhadap orang yang semata-mata menggunakan ra’yunya,kerena ia adalah musuh al-sunnah. </span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalil Akal</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkataan Sayidina Ali:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sekiranya mengamalkan agama semata-mata dengan ra’yu, tentu mengusap bagian bawah terhadap khaf (sepatu), pada waktu bersuci lebih pantas dari bagian atasnya.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkataan Ibnu Abas:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Itu adalah kitab Allah dan sunah Rasul-Nya. Barang siapa yang berkata dengan pendapatnya sesudah ada keduanya itu, saya tak tahu lagi apakah kebaikan atau kejelekan yang akan dicapainya.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Argumentasi Kelompok Pendukung Ijtihad</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hai orang yang beriman taatilah allah dan taatilah rasul-Nya, dan orang-orang yang memegang kekuasaan diantara kamu. Kemudian jika kamu berlainan pendapat tentang sesuatu, maka kembalikanlah ia kepada Allah (Al-Qur’an) dan rasul (sunnah nabi).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari ayat tersebut para ahli tafsir berpendapat bahwa kalimat <i>“kembalikan kepada Allah (Al-Quran) dan rasul (sunnah)”</i> dapat diartikan bahwa sebuah perintah untuk melakukan analogi (qiyas) jika terbentur dalam menentukan hukum suatu hal yang tidak ada dalam keduanya. Dan setiap ijtihad tidak boleh bertentangan dengan nash Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">As-Sunnah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diantara sunnah yang dijadikan dasar adanya ijtihad ialah hadist nabi yang diriwayatkan oleh Al-Bagawi dari Mu’adz bin Jabal :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada waktu Rasulullah mengutusnya (Mu’adz bin Jabal) ke Yaman, nabi bersabda untuknya, “Bagaimana kalau kau diserahi urusan peradilan?” Jawabannya, “Saya menetapkan perkara berdasarkan Al-Qur’an.” Sabda nabi, “Bagaimana kalau kau tidak dapati dalam Al-Qur’an?” jawabannnya, “dengan sunnah Rasul.” Sabda nabi selanjutnya, “bila dalam sunnahku tak kau dapati?” jawabannya, “Saya akan mengerahkan kesanggupan saya untuk menetapkan hukum dengan pikiranku.” Akhirnya nabi menepuk dada dengan mengucap segala puji bagi Allah yang telah memberi taufiq (kecocokan) pada utusan Rasulullah (Mu’adz).</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalil Akal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an dan sunnah jumlahnya terbatas, sedangkan kejadian-kejadian baru yang dihadapi manusia silih berganti sesuai kemajuan yang mempunyai rising demand yang terus berkembang. Oleh karena itu, jalan keluarnya ialah ijtihad.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 166.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hukum Ijtihad<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum Ijtihad menurut Asy-Syahrastani dalam bukunya <i>al-Mihal wa an-Nihal</i> menyatakan bahwa ijtihad termasuk dalam fardhu kifayah. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena tidak dapat dipungkiri lagi bahwa permasalahan-permasalahan ibadah dan mu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">amalah tidak terhitung jumlahnya. Kita juga mengetahui dengan yakin bahwa setiap permasalahan itu tidak semuanya termuat oleh nash syari’at. Lagipula hal itu juga tidak mungkin akan terjadi. Jadi dengan demikian, kuantitas nash-nash syariat bersifat terbatas dan permasalahan-permasalahannya bersifat tidak terbatas. Sedangkan dalam hal teoritis dan terapan, segala sesuatu yang terbatas itu tidak akan mungkin berhadapan dengan sesuatu yang tidak terbatas. Oleh karena itu, kita dapat mengetahui dengan yakin bahwa kita harus mengakui akan perlunya ijthad, sehingga permasalahan baru tersebut dapat dipecahkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dan Asy-Syahrastani menyatakan bahwa syarat-syarat ijtihad itu termasuk fardhu kifayah, bukan fardhu ‘ain. Yaitu apabila salah seorang dari anggota umat sudah melaksanakannya maka gugurlah kewajiban dari yang lain. Sedangkan apabila suatu umat pada zaman melalaikan hal ini, maka merka berdosa dan terancam bahaya besar. Jadi,untuk menemukan hukum-hukum dari permasalahan baru itu harus dengan ijtihad, seperti terjadinya sesuatu karena ada sebab. Jika sebab tidak ada maka hal-hal baru tersebut tidak akan dapat solusi hukumnya. Oleh karena itu keberadaan seorang mujtahid merupakan suatu keharusan umat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hukum ijtihad itu boleh terhadap suatu masalah yang belum ada ketetapan hukumnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sedangkan jika sudah terdapat ketetapan nash hukum dalam Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah, maka tidak boleh diijtihadi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kedudukan Ijtihad</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kedudukan ijtihad dalam hukum islam jelas hanya menempati posisi di bawah sumber hukum Al-Qur’an, As-Sunnah. Peranannya adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penjabar nash-nash zhonni (masih samar) dari Al-qur’an dan as-sunnah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketetapan atau keputusan dari mujtahid yang beriman mengenai masalah-masalah yang belum atau tidak diatur oleh al-qur’an atau as-sunnah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dinamisator (motor penggerak) dari seluruh ajaran islam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gradasi kedudukan sumber hukum islam juga sudah ditentukan dengan tegas oleh Al-Qur’an <i>surat an-nisa’ ayat 59</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syarat-Syarat Mujtahid</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut M. Musa Towana mengelompokan syarat-syarat ijtihad kedalam beberapa bagian berikut rinciannya :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pertama</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, persyaratan umum (al-syurut al-‘ammah) yang meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Baligh, (2) berakal sehat,(3) kuat daya nalarnya, dan (4) beriman atau mukmin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kedua,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> persyaratan pokok (al-syurut al-asasiyyah), yaitu syarat-syarat mendasar yang menuntut mujtahid supaya memiliki kecakapan berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui Qur’an, (2) memahami sunnah, (3) memahami maksud-maksud hukum syariat, dan (4) mengetahui kaidah-kaidah umum (al-qawaid al-kulliyyat) hukum islam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketiga,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> persyaratan penting (al-syurut al-hammah), yakni beberapa persyaratan yang penting dipunyai mujtahid. Syarat-syarat ini mencakup :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menguasai bahasa arab, (2) mengetahui ilmu ushul fiqh, (3) mengetahui ilmu mantik atau logik, dan (4) mengetahui hukum asal suatu perkara(al-bara’ah al-asliyah)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keempat, persyaratan pelengkap (al-syrut al-takmiliyyah) yang mencakup :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tidak ada dalil qat’i bagi masalah yang di ijtihadi, (2) mengetahui tempat-tempat khilafiyyah atau perbedaan pendapat, dan (3) memelihara kesalehan dan ketaqwaan diri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kualifikasi Mujtahid<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menururt para sarjana ushul fiqh, hanya orang-orang yang memenuhi persyaratan yang berhak menyandang predikat mujtahid. Namun, merek amembedakan derajat para mujtahid ke dalam beberapa martabat. Sejak dari tingkatan tertinggi sampai tingkatan terendah. Beberapa tingkatan mujtahid yang dimaksud ialah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mujtahid Mustaqil</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yaitu mujtahid yang mampu menggali hukum-hukum syariat langsung dari sumbernya yang terpokok (Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah) dan dalam mengistinbatkan hukum dia mempunyai dasar-dasar istimbat(usul al-istimbat) sendiri, tidak mengikuti ushul al-istinbat mujtahid lain. Mujtahid ini disebut juga mujtahid mutlak, yakni mujtahid yang memiliki kesanggupan untuk mengistinbatkan hukum-hukum syariat dari sumbernya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini disebut juga mujtahid mutlak, yakni mujtahid yang memiliki kesanggupan untuk mengistinbatkan hukum-hukum syariat dari sumbernya (Al-Qur’an dan Hadits) tanpa terikat pendapat mujtahid lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mujtahid Muntasib</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yakni mujtahid yang mengistinbatkan hukum mengikuti (memilih) ushul al-istinbat imam madzhab tertentu walaupun dalam masalah-masalah furu’ ia berbeda pendapat dengan imamnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mujtahid Madzhab</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ialah mujtahid yang mengikuti imam madzhabnya baik dalam masalah ushul maupun furu’. Kalaupun dia melakukan ijtihad, ijtihadnya terbatas dalam masalah yang ketentuan hukumnya tidak ia peroleh dari imam madzhab yang dianutnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mujtahid Murrajih</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yaitu mujtahid yang tidak mengistinbatkan hukum-hukum furu’ (apalagi hukum-hukum asal) akan tetapi ia hanya membandingkan beberapa pendapat mujtahid yang ada untuk kemudian memilih salah satu pendapat yang dipandang paling kuat (arjah).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mujtahid Mustadil</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adalah ulama yang tidak mengadakan tarjih terhadap pendapat-pendapat yang ada, akan tetapi ia mengemukakan dalil-dalil berbagai pendapat tersebut dan menerangkan mana yang patut dipegang (diikuti) tanpa melakukan tarjih terlebih dahulu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.7. Pola Ijtihad<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara umun metode penalaran metodologi ijtihad terbagi menjadi tiga pola yaitu: pola bayani (kajian semantik), pola ta’lili (penentuan ‘illat), dan pola istilahi (pertimbangan kemaslahatan berdasar nash umum)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pola Bayani</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ke dalam pola pertama ini dimasukkan semua kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan kajian kebahasaan (semantik): kapan suatu lafal diartikan secara majaz, bagaimana memilih salah satu arti dari lafal musytarak (anbigu), mana lafal yang umum yang diterangkan (‘am mubayyan), dan mana pula yang khusus yang menerangkan, mana ayat yang qath’i dan mana pula yang dzanny, kapan suatu perintah dianggap wajib dan kapan pula sunat, kapan larangan itu haram dan kapan pula makruh, dan seterusnya.<br />
Sebagai contoh di dalan hadis ada perintah untuk mempersaksikan nikah dan di dalam Al-Quran ada perintah mempersaksikan ruju’ (At-Talaq: 2). Ulama memahami kesaksian nikah sebagai wajib sedang kesaksian ruju’ oleh sebagian ulama dianggap sunat. Ula</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ma sepakat bahwa masa iddah perempuan yang telah digauli dan masih kedatangan haid adalah tiga quru’. Adanya masa iddah ini dianggap qath’i. Akan tetapi terjadi perbedaan pendapat tentang arti quru’ tersebut. Ada yang menyatakannya masa suci dan ada yang menyatakannya masa haid. Pemilihan salah satu arti tersebut dianggap dzanny.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pola Qiyasi (ta’lili)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ke dalam pola ini dimasukkan semua penalaran yang menjadikan illat (k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">adaan atau sifat yang menjadi tambatan hukum) sebagai titik tolaknya. Di sini dibahas cara-cara menemukan illat di dalam qiyas dan istihsan serta pengubahan hukum itu sendiri sekiranya ditemukan illat baru (sebagai pengganti yang lama).<br />
Sebagai contoh di dalam hadits ada perintah mengambil zakat hanya dari tiga jenis tanaman, yaitu gandum, kurma (kering), dan anggur (kismis). Sebagian ulama kelompok zahiriyah memahami hadis ini melalui pola bayani, hanya memegangi arti zahirnya. Jadi produk pertanian yang terkena zakat hanyalah ketiga jenis tanaman tersebut.<br />
Namun, sebagian besar ulama berupaya mencari illat dari jenis tanaman tersebut dan lantas memperluasnya kepada tanaman lain yang mempunyai illat sejenis. Ada yang menyatakan, “mengenyangkan (makanan pokok)”, ada yang menyatakan jenis biji-bijian, ada yang menyatakan ditanam bukan tumbuh sendiri, dan ada yang menyatakan dibudidaya sebagai illatnya. Karena perbedaan ini terjadi perbedaan pendapat tentang zakat cengkeh, kopi, sayuran, rotan, dan sebagainya. Ada yang menyatakan terkena zakat dan ada yang menyatakan tidak, sesuai dengan illatnya yang dipilih tadi.<br />
Biasanya pola ini digunakan apabila ada perasaan tidak puas dengan pola bayani. Mungkin untuk memperkuat argumen, tetapi mungkin juga untuk mengalihkannya pada kesimpulan lain agar terasa lebih logis dan lebih berhasil guna.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pola Istilahi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam pola ini, ayat-ayat umum dikumpulkan guna menciptakan beberapa prinsisp umum yang digunakan untuk melindungi atau mendatangkan kemaslahatan. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip-prinsip tersebut disusun menjadi tiga tingkatan daruriyat (kebutuhan esensial), hajiyat (kebutuhan primer), dan tahsiniyat (kebutuhan kemewahan). Prinsip umum ini didedukasikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kepada persoalan yang ingin diselesaikan.<br />
Misalnya tranplantasi organ tubuh, bayi tabung, dan aturan lalu lintas kendaraan bermotor. Masalah-masalah ini tidak mempunyai nash khusus sebagai rujukan. Karena itu untuk menentukan hukumnya, digunakan prinsip-prinsip umum yang ditarik dari ayat-ayat,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">seperti:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tidak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">boleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mencelakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">diri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sendiri dan orang lain,menolong oranglain adalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kebajikan,danlain-lain.<br />
Melalui pendeduksian dan pertimbangan tingkatan keutamaan, para ulama menyimpulkan kebolehan sebagai hukum dasar tranplantasi, boleh untuk bayi tabung sekiranya dilakukan oleh suami istri itu sendiri, sedang pelanggran lalu lintas dianggap sebagaita’zir.<br />
<br />
Pola istislahi sesuai keadaannya, baru digunakan ketika tidak ada dalil khusus, hanya berhubungan dengan persoalan-persoalan baru yang biasanya muncul karena penggunaan teknologi dan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan. Di dalam ushul fiqh, pola yang terakhir ini sangat sedikit mendapat perhatian. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis-Jenis Ijtihad</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di antara jenis-jenis ijtihad ialah:<br />
<b>1. Ijma’</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yaitu kesepakatan para mujtahid dari kalangan umat Muhammad, setelah beliau wafat, pada suatu masa atas hukum suatau masalah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Qiyas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di antara definisi qiyas (analogi) ialah: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Menyimpulkan hukum dari yang asal menuju kepada cabangnya, berdasarkan titik persamaan di antara keduanya.<br />
b. Membuktikan hukum definitif untuk yang definitif lainnya, melalui suatu persamaan di antaranya.<br />
c. Tindakan menganalogikan hukum yang sudah ada penjelasan di dalam Al-Quran atau hadis dengan kasus baru yang memiliki persamaan sebab (illat). Untuk melakukan ijtihad diperlukan empat unsur yang dalam ushul fikih disebut rukun-rukun qiyas. Keempat rukun tersebut ialah al-ashl (pokok), yaitu pokok yang telah disebutkan di dalam nash, yang menjadi pangkal qiyas; al-far’ (cabang), yaitu hal yang dicari hukumnya, yang tidak disebut dalam nash; hukm al-ashl (hukum atas pokok); dan ‘illat hukm al-ashl (sebab hukum atas pokok).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Istihsan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di antara definisi istihsan ialah:<br />
a. Fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh seorang fâqih (ahli fikih), hanya karena dia merasa hal itu adalah benar.<br />
b. Argumentasi dalam pikiran seorang fâqih tanpa bisa diekspresikan secara lisan olehnya<br />
c. Mengganti argumen dengan fakta yang dapat diterima, untuk maslahat orang banyak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Tindakan memutuskan suatu perkara untuk mencegah kemudharatan. Misal, dalil khusus sunnah menentukan bahwa harta wakaf tidakboleh dipindah tangankan dengan cara dijual, diwariskan atau dihiba</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hkan. Jika suatu harta wakaf tidak memenuhi fungsi yang sesuai dengan tujuan wakaf, maka ia boleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dipindahtangankan untuk memenuhi fungsi yang sesuai dengan tujuan wakaf dan sekaligus menghindari larangan memubazirkan harta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mashalat murshalah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yaitu tindakan memutuskan masalah yang tidak ada nashnya dengan pertimbangan kepentingan hidup manusia berdasarkan prinsip menarik manfaat dan menghindari kemudharatan. <br />
Misal, mengenai mengharuskan agar pernikahan dicatat, tidak ada satu nash pun yang membenarkan dan membatalkannya. Pencatatan perkawinan bertujuan untuk melindungi hak masing-masing suami istri. Tanpa pencatatan, negara tidak mempunyai dokumen otentik atas terjadinya perkawinan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. Sad Adz-Dzariah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adalah tindakan memutuskan suatu yang mubah menjadi makruh atau haram demi kepentingan umat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Istishab</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adalah tindakan menetapkan berlakunya suatu ketetapan sampai ada alasan yang bisa mengubahnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Urf</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adalah tindakan menentukan masih bolehnya suatu adat-istiadat dan kebiasaan masyarakat setempat selama kegiatan tersebut tidak bertentangan dengan aturan-aturan prinsip dalam Al-Qur’an dan Hadis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammadiyah Djafar, <i>Pengantar Ilmu Fiqh </i>(Jakarta:Kalam Mulia,1993), hlm. 101</span></div></div><div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Q.S. An-Nahl:89</span></div></div><div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Q.S. Al-Maidah:101</span></div></div><div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Q.S. An-Nisa:105</span></div></div><div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Q.S. An-Nisa’:59</span></div></div><div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yusdani Amir Mu’allim, <i>Ijtihad dan Legislasi Muslim Kontemporer</i> (Yogyakarta:UII Press,2005), hlm 58-59</span></div></div><div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5553496196728213285#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <a href="http://ustadzmuis.blogspot.com/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Http://ustadzmuis.blogspot.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div></div></div>kang lukmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00968039630730175901noreply@blogger.com0